126 Wars, to the settled and relatively peaceful Pueblo peoples of the Southwest. Given the Pueblo leaders’ penchant for adopting aspects of Southern Plains and Apacheria dress, the sartorial overlap between these cultural areas smoothed this perceptual transition. It is interesting to note that in the widely circulated 1928 image by Agostino Donati (fi g. 2), Santiago wears the same beaded hide shirt, probably of Jicarilla origin, that was worn by Diego Naranjo in the 1898 Rinehart portrait (fi g. 4). The efforts to advocate for Pueblo land rights didn’t end in 1924. Then in his mid seventies, Santiago went to D.C. again and was an ongoing proponent for this issue. He was a highly visible fi gure and was captured on fi lm as part of another delegation in an early newsreel on October 27, 1925, meeting Mayor “Sunny Jim” Rolph in front of the League of Nations Building in San Francisco protesting in favor of Pueblo land and water rights. As a result of his activism, Santiago became a well-known fi gure in the national media and one of the most visually documented Native American fi gures of the fi rst half of the twentieth century. A charismatic and outgoing individual, he clearly recognized the power of media, and he appears in photographs by Agustino Donati, Carter Harrison, Ina Sizer Cassidy, Jesse Nusbaum, T. Harrison Parkhurst, and Wesley Bradfi eld, to name just a few. In addition to Balink, Gerald Cassidy also painted him and his 1922 portrait of Santiago still hangs in the La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe. Another image hangs in the council room of Santa Clara Pueblo. The last image we know of him was a portrait by photographer H. Armstrong Roberts from around 1940, which shows him at age ninety-one. It appeared on a popular photo postcard under the caption “Santiago Naranjo of Santa Clara, Beloved Patriarch of the Pueblos” (fi g. 6), a hyperbolic statement but one that gives a sense of how he had come to be perceived. The relationship between Balink and Santiago is not well documented, but we can infer that it was close. They lived in relatively close proximity to one another and Santiago appears in at least four of Balink’s paintings. Since Balink painted from life, this means they spent a fair amount of time together, and Santiago would have had little also decided to send a delegation to Washington, D.C., in 1923 to argue against the bill. It was headed by Pablo Abeita, then governor of Isleta Pueblo. Santiago Naranjo was the representative for Santa Clara Pueblo. In addressing a congressional committee, Abeita was the only one who spoke, but the presence of the Pueblo delegation was signifi cant and highly visible. What had been an obscure Indian land issue of little interest to most in the United States became prominent in the national news and a matter of national attention. The Pueblo delegates were extensively photographed in Washington, D.C., perhaps most notably on the grounds of the White House with President Calvin Coolidge in the center of the group (fi g. 7). In this image, the delegates hold the canes given to their pueblos by Abraham Lincoln (also visible in fi g. 4) but wear Plains feather headdresses. It is notable that some of the latter were composed of turkey rather than eagle feathers, making them effectively costume elements rather than earned regalia. A short article in the October 1940 edition of the United Pueblos Quarterly Bulletin states that a copy of this photograph was one of Santiago’s most prized possessions. These and other efforts against the Bursum Bill had several results. This was the fi rst collaboration between the Pueblos and the Taos art colony— though it involved many other voices, ranging from Zane Grey to Robert Frost—and together they defeated the bill. This resulted in the Pueblo Lands Act of 1924, which was an uneasy compromise of Bursum and Pueblo land rights. The markedly increased visibility of Native American rights also infl uenced President Coolidge to sign the Indian Citizen Act, another well-intended but fl awed piece of legislation that belatedly granted citizenship to all Native Americans born within U.S. borders. In addition, there was a signifi cant shift in the perception of Anglo-Americans and much of the rest of the world from Native Americans as adversaries to be contained on reservations to sovereign peoples with legitimate rights and territorial claims. In doing so, the media storm that surrounded the legislation also shifted the paradigm of the Native American in Anglo- American perception from the cultures of the Great Plains, best remembered in popular memory for the bloodshed of the nineteenth-century Indian FIG. 6 (below): Santiago Naranjo of Santa Clara, Beloved Patriarch of the Pueblos, c. 1940. Color postcard after photo by H. Armstrong Roberts. 14 x 16.5 cm. National Color Postcard/E. C. Krupp Co., Milwaukee. Author’s collection. FIG. 7 (above right): New Mexico Pueblo delegation in Washington, D.C., protesting the Bursum Bill, President Calvin Coolidge in center. Photo by the Schutz Group, 1923. Silver gelatin print. 25.4 x 20.3 cm. Courtesy of the Palace of the Governors Photo Archives (NMHM/DCA), neg. 047827. Includes Pueblo governors and members of the All-Pueblo Council including Juan Avila (Sandia), Santiago Naranjo (Santa Clara), Martin Vigil (Tesuque), Sotero Ortiz (San Juan), Jose Alcario Montoya (Cochiti), and others. OBJECT HISTORY
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