125 FIG. 3 (below left): Frank A. Rinehart (1861–1928) and/ or Adolph F. Muhr (d. 1913), Santiago Narango, Pueblo (Santa Clara) (cropped), 1898. Platinum print. Approximately 18 x 23 cm. Indian Congress, Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, Omaha, Nebraska, 1898. Courtesy of the Omaha Public Library. FIG. 4 (below center): Frank A. Rinehart (1861– 1928) and/or Adolph F. Muhr (d. 1913), Gov. Diego Narango, Pueblo (Santa Clara), 1898. Platinum print. Approximately 18 x 23 cm. Indian Congress, Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, Omaha, Nebraska, 1898. Rinehart neg. no. 1123. Courtesy of the Omaha Public Library. FIG. 5 (above right): Frank A. Rinehart (1861– 1928) and/or Adolph F. Muhr (d. 1913), Ex Gov. José Jesús Narango, Pueblo (Santa Clara), 1898. Platinum print. Approximately 18 x 23 cm. Indian Congress, Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, Omaha, Nebraska, 1898. Rinehart neg. no. 1124. Courtesy of the Omaha Public Library. Affairs from 1933–1945. Part of their rejection of the industrialized world in the wake of WWI involved advocating for Pueblo rights, since the Pueblo lifestyle was one that the Taos group sought to emulate. After learning of the Bursum Bill, Collier and some companions visited each of the New Mexico pueblos. The leaders of some pueblos had no idea that a land rights bill that would affect them so severely was before Congress. A meeting on November 5 of 1922 of the All-Pueblo Council resulted in the “Appeal of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico to the People of the United States,” which articulated the position of their peoples in relation to their inalienable connection to their lands. The council photographed by Rinehart, who associated them with Santa Clara Pueblo. Notable in these images is that few of these individuals wear traditional Pueblo clothing but rather are attired in Western clothing or that of the Apache or Southern Plains peoples. Whether this was their preferred mode of dress or whether they were playing up to the “Indian-ness” of the Congress is not entirely clear. Like many of his family members, Santiago went on to serve as governor for Santa Clara Pueblo. In a tradition dating to the seventeenth century, Pueblo governorship terms last for one year, and his tenures were in 1907, 1912, 1916, 1920, and 1924, though he maintained some form of leadership position throughout his later life. The Bursum Bill of 1922 (effectively an extension of the Dawes Act of 1887 and the Sandoval Decision of 1913) proposed to cede a substantial percentage of New Mexico Pueblo land and water rights to non-Native claimants and squatters and to give state courts, which were largely hostile to Native rights, jurisdiction over future title disputes. The bill, which had been fi led with many dubious assertions, including that it was supported by Pueblo peoples, passed the Senate without debate on September 11, 1922, and moved on to the House, which did not address it until 1923. A group of Taos-based literati in the circle of Mabel Dodge Luhan, which Balink had visited fi ve years earlier, included John Collier, who was later to serve as U.S. Commissioner for Indian for a number of early anthropological expeditions that surveyed the ancient ruins of New Mexico. In 1898, Santiago was among the delegates from Santa Clara to the “Indian Congress” at the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition in Omaha, Nebraska. There he was photographed by Frank Rinehart (or Adolph Muhr, see the “Portfolio” section of this issue), along with family members including then Governor Diego Naranjo, former governor José Jesús Naranjo (fi gs. 3–5), Juan Diego Naranjo, Augustín Naranjo, Guadalupe Naranjo, and Dolores Naranjo. Characteristically sloppy with his documentation, Rinehart transcribed all of their family names as Narango rather than Naranjo. Members of the Cajete, Tafoya, Baca, Silva, Gutiérrez, and Chabiria (likely Chavarria) families were also
T84 EN Online
To see the actual publication please follow the link above