FIG. 23 (above): Necklace, lei niho palaoa. Kohala District, Hawaii. 19th century or earlier. Ex Rev. Elias Bond. Sperm whale tooth, human hair, fi ber. L: 6.5 cm (pendant only). Private collection. 141 abs/10.1179/019713693806124866 (accessed 4/26/16) 16. Vera Metcalf and Martin Robards, “Sustaining a Healthy Human-Walrus Relationship in a Dynamic Environment: Challenges for Comanagement,” Ecological Applications 18: sp2, 2008, pp. S148–S156. 17. Walter James Hoffman, The Graphic Art of the Eskimos, U.S. Government Printing Offi ce, 1897. 18. Nweeia, op. cit. 19. Genevieve M. LeMoine and Christyann M. Darwent, “The Walrus and the Carpenter: Late Dorset Ivory Working in the High Arctic,” Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 1, 1998, pp. 73–83. 20. Victor B. Scheffer and A. C. Myrick, “A Review of Studies to 1970 of Growth Layers in the Teeth of Marine Mammals,” Reports of the International Whaling Commission 3, 1980, pp. 51–63. 21. Hugh Taylor, “Part VII. Chemical Investigations on Ivory,” The Annual of the British School at Athens 50, 1955, pp. 248–250. 22. Keith St. Cartmail, The Art of Tonga, University of Hawaii Press, 1997. 23. Howell G. M. Edwards, et al., “Scrimshaw: Real or Fake? A FourierTransform Raman Diagnostic Study,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 26: 8–9, 1995, pp. 623–628. 24. Jeanne M. Bow and C. Purday, “A Method of Preparing Sperm Whale Teeth for Age Determination,” Nature 210, 1966, pp. 437–438. 25. Harald H. Roth, et al., “Distribution and Status of the Hippopotamids in the Ivory Coast,” African Zoology 39: 2, 2004, pp. 211–224. 26. Douglas F. Williamson, “Tackling the Ivories: The Status of the U.S. Trade in Elephant and Hippo Ivory,” TRAFFIC North America, World Wildlife Fund, 2004. 27. Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, “International Styles in Ivory Carving in the Bronze Age.” In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18–20 April 1997, Eric H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline (eds.), Université de Liège and the University of Texas-Austin, 1998, pp. 229–256. 28. Richard Maitland Laws, “Dentition and Ageing of the Hippopotamus,” African Journal of Ecology 6: 1, 1968, pp. 19–52. 29. M. J. Somers and B. L. Penzhorn, “Reproduction in a Reintroduced Warthog Population in the Eastern Cape Province,” South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 22: 3, 1992, pp. 57–60. 30. S. J. McNaughton and Nicholas J. Georgiadis, “Ecology of African Grazing and Browsing Mammals,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1986, pp. 39–65. 31. Michael Locke, “Structure of Ivory,” Journal of Morphology 269: 4, 2008, pp. 423–450. 32. Stanley H. Ambrose and Michael J. DeNiro, “The Isotopic Ecology of East African Mammals,” Oecologia 69: 3, 1986, pp. 395–406. 33. Daniel P. Biebuyck, Tradition and Creativity in Tribal Art, University of California Press, 1973. 34. Philip N. Sambrook and Piet Geusens, “Normal Skeletal Structure and Function,” Osteoporosis in Clinical Practice, Springer, London, 2004, pp. 3–7. 35. Timothy Swanson, Patrick Bolton, and Alan Manning. “Regulating Endangered Species,” Economic Policy, 1993, pp. 185–205. 36. Samuel K. Wasser, et al., “Using DNA to Track the Origin of the Largest Ivory Seizure Since the 1989 Trade Ban,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 10, 2007, pp. 4228–4233. 37. Reimar Schefold, “Stylistic Canon, Imitation and Faking: Authenticity in Mentawai Art in Western Indonesia,” Anthropology Today 18: 2, 2002, pp. 10–14. mination of a recently carved object or an imitation, a matter of great importance to the collector of tribal art as well as to museums.37 While scientifi c analysis provides valuable tools, a trained expert with experience in understanding the true “music” of the carvings is equally necessary for the proper authentication of tribal art objects. This article is dedicated in loving memory of William Allen, Ph.D., Director, World Museum of Natural History, La Sierra University. NOTES 1. John Frederick Walker, “Rethinking Ivory: Why Trade in Tusks Won’t Go Away,” World Policy Institute, http://www. worldpolicy.org/journal/summer2013/rethinking-ivorywhy trade-in-tusks-won’t-go-away (accessed 4/26/16) 2. Felix Njini, “Ivory Poachers Blamed for 60% Slump in Tanzania Elephant Numbers,” Bloomberg, http://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/ivory-poachersblamed for-60-slump-in-tanzania-elephant-numbers (accessed 4/26/16) 3. Michael Burton, “An Assessment of Alternative Methods of Estimating the Effect of the Ivory Trade Ban on Poaching Effort,” Ecological Economics 30.1, 1999, pp. 93–106. 4. Phillip J. Clapham and C. Scott Baker, “Whaling, Modern,” Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2002, pp. 1328–1332. 5. “CITES & Elephants: What Is the ‘Global Ban’ on Ivory Trade?” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, https://www.fws. gov/le/pdf/CITES-and-Elephant-Conservation.pdf (accessed 4/26/16) 6. Article 62 of Regulation 865/2006 lays down detailed rules concerning the implementation of Regulation 338/97. 7. For a useful set of answers to common questions about EU rules, see http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/ faq_en.htm (accessed 4/26/16). 8. “USFWS Moves to Ban Commercial Elephant Ivory Trade: Questions & Answers,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/international/travel-and-trade/ivoryban questions-and-answers.html (accessed 4/26/16) 9. Ibid. 10. CA Assembly Bill 96, http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/ pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_0051-0100/ab_96_bill_20150107_ introduced.pdf (accessed 4/26/16) 11. “The Case Against a Legal Ivory Trade: It Will Lead to More Killing of Elephants,” Environment 360, http:// e360.yale.edu/feature/counterpoint_the_case_against_a_ legal_ivory_trade_it_will_lead_to_more_killing_of_ elephants/2815/ (accessed 4/26/16) 12. G. E. Weissengruber, M. Egerbacher, and G. Forstenpointner, “Structure and Innervation of the Tusk Pulp in the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana),” Journal of Anatomy, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC1571488/ (accessed 4/26/16) 13. Vaïno Poikalainen, “Palaeolithic Art from the Danube to Lake Baikal,” Folklore, vols. 18 & 19, http://thewaythetruthandthelife.net/index/3_ observe/3-2/3-2-05_civilized/1-paleoart.pdf (accessed 4/26/16) 14. Martin T. Nweeia, et al., “Vestigial Tooth Anatomy and Tusk Nomenclature for Monodon monoceros.” The Anatomical Record 295: 6, 2012, pp. 1006–1016. 15. Edgard O’Neil Espinoza and Mary-Jacque Mann, “The History and Signifi cance of the Schreger Pattern in Proboscidean Ivory Characterization,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32: 3, 1993, http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/
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