FEATURE because we think they have identical connotations, but rather because, in theory and in practice, they concern parts of West Africa whose cultural, political, and religious past far surpasses the influence that the West may have exerted during the colonial period. 100. “Through these two female figures homage is paid to Malian women over the ages. The frescoes decorating the walls of the monument update this tribute. They show contemporary Malian women engaged in various occupations.” http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_de_Bamako 101. Johnson 1999: 21. 102. Cissé & Kamissoko 2000: 25. 103. Kesteloot 2007: 248–250. 104. Cissé & Kamissoko 2000: 243; Niane 1960: 63. 105. We will not discuss the variants here. 106. Cissé & Kamissoko 1991: 153; 2000: 245 and 418–419 (map). It is interesting to see that this Wagadou is in the very region affected by the encroachment of the Sahara desert (Devisse & Diallo 1993: 114). 107. Kesteloot, Barbey & Ndongo, 1993: 176. 108. A work written in the sixteenth or seventeenth century by Mahmoûd Kâti (French translation by Houdas & Delafosse in 1913); Monteil 1929: 299. 109. Ruled between 1464 and 1465 according to Tarikh Es-Soudan (whose account of Abderrahman Sa’di was completed in 1656 and translated by Houdas in 1900, Pageard 1961: 73); Sa’di 1900: 104. 110. Kâti 1913: 97. 111. Bazin 1988: 423, 434–435; Adler 2007: 85. 112. Kesteloot 2007: 250. 113. Van Dyke 2011: 26–27. 114. Van Dyke 2008: 80–83. 115. Johnson & Sisòkò 1992: 46; 2003: 149. 116. Niane 1960: 33. 117. Johnson 1999. 118. Suso & Kanute & Innes 1999: 4; Conrad & Condé 2004: 72–73. 119. Cissé & Kamissoko 2000: 73. 120. “Margouillat” is a common term for a lizard in French-speaking Africa. 121. Cissé & Kamissoko 2000: 73–77. 122. Pirat 2014: 85; also illustrated in Grunne 2014: fig. 196. 123. Published on the cover of Kerchache et al., L’art africain, Mazenod, 1984, as well as in the 2008 edition: p. 35, fig. 21, and in a side view in Grunne 2014: figs. 191, 192. 124. Grunne 2014: caption fig. 191. 125. This could be a depiction of “nail clubbing” or “Hippocratic fingers,” a clinical sign associated with various diseases, including chronic respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis. 126. Supposedly cured by the touch of the French king’s hands (Perez 2006). 127. Which is exact, even for genetic or contagious diseases. 128. Foucault 1999: 222. 129. Baumann 1993: 526–527. 130. Wilks 1999. 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY Archives of the Musée du Quai Branly: Bouquillon, Anne & France Drilhon & Guirec Querre (1991). Study of a terracotta statuette. Djenne civilisation. Report 1806c of the Laboratoire de Recherche des Musées de France, 6 March 1991. Eid, Jacqueline (1991). Technical report on the statue. MNAAO report 21 April 1991. Ghysels, Marc (2013). 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