124 FIG. 31 (right): Shaman with ayami and edehe fi gures hanging around his neck. Photo by Peter Shimkevich, 1896. Collection of the Russian Ethnographic Museum, St. Petersburg. Amur: 11th–3rd Century BC; 9th–13th Century AD, Early 19th–21st Century AD: Pottery, Stone, Metal, Wood: Album). Vladivostok, OAO IPK “Dal’press.” Kubanova, T. A. (1997): Abstract of Ph.D. dissertation on “Nanai Ritual Sculpture of the Late 19th–20th Centuries as an Expression of the Spiritual Experience of the Peoples of the Amur” (in Russian), St. Petersburg State University (http://cheloveknauka.com/nanayskaya-ritualnayaskulptura kontsa-xix-xx-vekov-kak-vyrazhenieduhovnogo opyta-narodov-amura - ixzz2d0bUHIyL; accessed June 3, 2016). Lopatin, I. A. (1922): Gol’dy amurskie, ussuriiskie i sungariiskie: Opyt etnografi cheskago izsliedovaniia (The Gol’d of the Amur, Ussuri, and Sungari: Ethnographic Studies), Vladivostok. Maltseva, O. V. (2012): “Ethnic and Cultural Aspects of Nanai Healing Ritual Sculptures,” Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 40: 114–123. Okladnikov, A. (1981): Art of the Amur. Ancient Art of the Russian Far East, Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad. Samar, A. P. (1998): “Lechebnaya skulptura nanaitsev” (“Nanai Therapeutic Sculptures”), in Istoriko-kulturnye svyazi mezhdu korennym naseleniem Tikhookeanskogo poberezhya Zapadnoi Ameriki i Severo-Vostochnoi Azii: K 100-letiyu Dzhezupovskoi Severo-Tikhookeanskoi ekspeditsii. Izd. Inst. istorii, arkheologii i etnograii DVO RAN, Vladivostok, pp. 292–300. Samar, E. V. (2003): Reaktsionnaya sushchnost shamanstva (material v pomoshch lektoru) The Reactionary Nature of Shamanism (Material for Lecturers). Zapiski Grodekovskogo muzeya (Khabarovsk), No. 6: 189–207. Sem, T. A. (2003): “Shamanizm v obryadakh nanaitsev” (“Shamanism in the Rites of the Nanai”), in Istoriia i kul’tura nanaitsev: Istoriko-etnografi cheskie ocherki, Nauka, St. Petersburg, pp. 181–194. Shimkevich, P. P. (1896): Materialy dlia izucheniia shamanstva u gol’dov (Materials for the Study of Shamanism among the Gol’d), Khabarovsk (Reprint: Knizhnyy dom “LIBROKOM,” Moscow, 2012). Shternberg, L. Ya. (1933): Giliaki, orochi, gol’dy, negidal’tsy, ainy - stat’i i materialy (The Gilyak, Orochi, Gold, Negidal, Ainu—Articles and Materials). Dal’giz, Khabarovsk, pp. 456–457. Smoliak, A. V. (1991): Shaman - lichnost’, funktsii, mirovozzrenie: narody Nizhnego Amura (Shaman— Personality, Function, Worldview: The Peoples of the Lower Amur), Nauka, Moscow. Titoreva, G. T., (ed.) (2012): Seveny. Katalog kul’tovoi skul’ptury iz sobraniia KHKM im. N. I. Grodekova. (Sevens Idols. Catalog of Ritual Sculpture from the Collection of the N. I. Grodekov Khabarovsk Regional Museum), Khabarovskii kraevoi muzei im. N. I. Grodekova, Khabarovsk. FEATURE representations of which were included among his paraphernalia. Although this article focuses on metal sculptures that are mentioned throughout the relevant literature, it should be noted that almost all of the representations of human and animal spirits illustrated in early publications and now found in museum collections are made of wood. It is not possible at this point to estimate the proportion of such fi gures that were made in metal, which should have survived at least as well as their wood counterparts, but their current relative scarcity would tend to support other evidence indicating that metal seven and ayami were not particularly common and had a special status among the Amur peoples. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Olga Maltseva (Novosibirsk) for helpful information concerning Nanai healing rituals and related sculptures, and to the Tischenko Project (Helsinki) for providing photographs of some of the bronze castings and for other important assistance. REFERENCES Alekseev, N. A. (1984): Shamanizm tiurkoiazychnykh narodov Sibiri : opyt areal’nogo sravnitel’nogo issledovaniia (Shamanism Among the Turkic Peoples of Siberia), Izd-vo “Nauka,” Sibirskoe otd-nie, Novosibirsk. Baráthosi-Balogh, B. (1996): Távoli utakon On distant paths (compiled by Mihály Hoppál), Néprajzi Múzeum, Budapest. Cherniavskaia, O. A. (2004): Shamanskii kostium - iz kollektsii Irkutskogo oblastnogo kraevedcheskogo muzeia (Shaman’s Costumes), Artizdat, Irkutsk. Derevianko, E. I., (ed.) (2005): Nanaitsy - katalog kollektsii Muzeia istorii i kul’tury narodov Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka Instituta arkheologii i etnografi i SO RAN (The Nanai: Catalogue of the Collection of the Museum of History and Culture of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Division of the RAS), Novosibirsk. Grusman, V. M., and A. M. Konovalov (2006): Between Worlds: Shamanism of the Peoples of Siberia, from the Collection of the Russian Museum of Ethnography, St. Petersburg. Khudozhnik i Kniga, Moscow. Iskusstvo Narodov Priamur’ia (2012): XI–III tysiacheletiia do n. e., IX–XIII veka, XIX–nachalo XXI veka: keramika, kamen’, metall, derevo: al’bom (Indigenous Art of the
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