broadly calculated at twenty-year intervals. As the parameters 102 of recognizable styles are further refined, the characteristics of a specific workshop or even an individual painter begin to emerge. As more refinements and links become possible, more precise conclusions may be drawn about the roles that the creators of Mimbres pottery played in defining their style, in pushing artistic innovations forward, and in producing a culture that self-consciously sought to distinguish itself from its contemporaries through the medium of painted ceramics. The Spanish invasions, incursions, and explorations of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries irrevocably transformed the peoples and landscape of the Southwest. The combined forces of infectious disease, religious oppression, and military conflict brought about widespread and dramatic social changes. Despite these massive pressures and a constantly shifting political landscape, the fundamental position of the Southwest in connecting long-distance trade routes remained. The basic role of ceramics in everyday life and the development of community and individual art styles also continued. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the now millennia-old traditions of ceramic production and painting found new markets and new forms. In most instances, women managed the creative process at every stage, from acquiring materials to finishing the design. Water jars—especially important in the semiarid climate—were a dominant form, while FIGS. 6a and b: Olla. Hopi, Arizona. C. 1880. Earthenware with polychrome. H: 34 cm. Gift of the Thomas W. Weisel Family to the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2013.76.34. ART on View FIG. 5: Olla. Acoma, New Mexico. C. 1780. Earthenware with polychrome. D: 34 cm. Gift of the Thomas W. Weisel Family to the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2013.76.146. ceremonial needs and local foodways influenced the shapes of other vessels. In addition to their own inspirations, painters chose designs from a rich range of sources: fragments of ancient pottery, patterns from ceramics and other products traded on the Santa Fe Trail, and the painted interiors of Spanish churches. As the United States consolidated its power in the region, especially after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, men and women working
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