133 dealing with an object from a distant and little-known past, it is essential to do an in-depth analysis of the object itself before launching research into its socio-cultural and stylistic roles. In summary, the purpose of this essay is to lay the foundation for the edifice of the analysis of the Tervuren mask—a foundation that is, we must now recognize, made of feathers and horns. NOTES 1. In the second edition of his accounts, O. Michaux merely described the object as follows: “… an immense hollow head with two large horns carried on the shoulders by the fetish worshipper.” (Michaux, 1913: p. 339). 2. It is sometimes said that the bird was separated from the mask during the Second World War, when a V-1 bomb hit the park in Tervuren and the shock resulting from the explosion caused collateral damage to the art in the museum’s main gallery. But there is evidence that the bird was already damaged prior to this event (Ceyssens, 2011: pp. 182–183). 3. J. Maes was certainly the first to defend this interpretation of the coif (Maes, 1924: p. 39), although the female hairdo he uses as an example is not the most convincing one. 4. The rare Bena-Mballa masks feature a sort of diadem that also appears more subtly on the Tervuren mask. 5. The name chikwanga may have derived from the word cimpanga, which means “ram” (Petridis, 2005: pp. 57–58). 6. A small, short-necked bird of the genus Buphagus, which is uncommon in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BIBLIOGRAPHY Boas, F., 2003. L’art primitif, éditions Adam Biro, Paris, édition originale, 1927, Primitive art, éditions H. Aschehoug & Co., Oslo. Ceyssens, R., 2011. De Luulu à Tervuren, éditions du MRAC, Studies in Social Sciences & Humanities, vol. 172, Tervuren. Maes, J., 1924. Aniota-Kifwebe, éditions De Sikkel, Antwerp. Michaux, O., 1913. Au Congo : carnet de campagnes, Librairie Dupagne-Counet, Namur, édition originale 1907, Librairie Falk Fils, Brussels. Petridis, C., 2000. “Notes succinctes sur les masques kalengula des Luntu et des peuples voisins,” in Arts d’Afrique noire, no. 116, pp. 19–27. ———, 2005. “Bwadi Bwa Chikwanga: a Ram Mask of the Bakwa Luntu,” in African Arts, vol. XXXVIII, no. 2, pp. 50–59. Volper, J., 2007. “Un art entrevu d’Afrique Centrale : analyse stylistique et iconographique des masques dits luba du Katanga et du Kasaï (République Démocratique du Congo).” Dissertation, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne.
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